Aid vs. Aide—What Is the Difference?

• Aid (as a noun) means “help” or “assistance.” As a verb it means “to help” or “to assist.”
• An aide is an assistant.

Even though the words aid and aide have similar meanings, are written similarly, and are pronounced the same, they cannot be used interchangeably.

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What Does Aid Mean?

Aid can be a verb, a noun, or an adjective. It is synonymous with the words “help” or “assist” when used as a verb, and again “help” and “assistance” when used as a noun:

He stayed home so he could aid his aging parents.

The first round of financial aid was granted to the developing country.

The first in a series of aid packages has been green-lit.

What Does Aide Mean?

Aide is always used as a noun. It means assistant. Some dictionaries note that aid, used as a noun, can have the same meaning, but for the most part publications tend to use aide for assisant and aid for assistance:

We tried to get to the CEO of the company, but we were only able to talk with John, her aide.

Examples

Cuts to legal aid have created a two-tier justice system in “crisis”, a new report warns.

The Daily Mail

While there is some trepidation around the recent weakness in the yuan, some are looking at the bright side of a weaker currency aiding Chinese exports.

Reuters

This is at odds with government commitments to eliminating wasteful aid spending, imposing accountability and cracking down on tax havens.

Financial Times

Lord Sugar’s former aide on ‘The Apprentice’, Nick Hewer, might have been on the show for ten years, but that doesn’t mean he enjoyed it.

The Huffington Post UK

Presume vs. Assume

• Presume is a verb that means to suppose, to take for granted, or to dare.
• Assume is a verb that means to suppose, to take for granted, to take upon, to don, or to undertake.
• In the shared meaning of “to suppose,” presume is usually used when you suppose based on probability, while assume is used when you suppose without any evidence.

What’s the difference between “assume” and “presume”? “Assume” is to “presume” as a brother is to a sister. The previous statement is an analogy, a comparison of how two things relate to each other. Analogies are used to explain or to clarify. For those who confuse “presume” and “assume,” an analogy is just the thing!

Difference Between Assume and Presume

Just as a brother and sister have the same parents, “assume” and “presume” have the same etymological roots. “Assume” has Latin roots. It comes from a verb that means “to take up or adopt.” “Presume” derives from a Latin verb that means “to take upon oneself, to take liberty, or to take for granted.” Both Latin verbs can be traced to a common root, sumere, which means to put on or take up.

A brother and sister have similar features. “Assume” and “presume” are spelled in almost the same way, except for their prefixes. “Pre-” means “before.” The “as-” of assume might have been “ad-” originally. The “-ad” prefix means “to” or “up.”

A brother and sister are not interchangeable. Because of their unique personalities, parents may give them different chores. Assume and presume have different meanings and usages.

Assume Definition

To assume means “to take for granted or to suppose,” and this is the meaning that leads to the most confusion between assume and presume. But that’s not the only thing you could be saying when you say assume—to assume might also mean to take responsibility for a duty, to appropriate, or to undertake a task. The same verb refers to adopting qualities or pretending to do so. So, you can assume a different identity, but also assume guard duty. In this sense, assume is synonymous with “take on” or “take up.”

Presume Definition

To presume also means “to take for granted” or “to suppose,” and just like assume, it has another meaning as well. “To act or to undertake with undue boldness or without permission” is another meaning presume can take on. In law, it refers to accepting something as true in the absence of proof of its falsity.

Of course, brothers and sisters may share some responsibilities. Both “presume” and “assume” carry the thought of supposing or taking for granted that something is true. In that sense, presume is often used as another word for assume, and vice versa. But there is a slight difference even when they are used in this sense—when you presume something, it can be considered that you’re doing so on the basis of probability. When you assume something, you’re supposing without proof. After all, the adverb presumably means “by reasonable assumption.”

Examples: Assume and Presume in Sentences

Did the analogy help you learn the difference between “assume” and “presume”? Like brother and sister, they have the same parentage. While they share some definitions, they are unique as a brother and sister would also be. If this didn’t help, here are some examples of how assume and presume are used:

May’s deputy spokesman said Johnson would assume the position of duty minister after Philip Hammond, the chancellor, who took the role last week. —The Guardian

But even that argument is narrow-minded because it assumes women are monolithic and all have the same needs, interests and political positions. —Chicago Tribune

I hesitate to presume anything leggier than that, but a 2.8x multiplier like The Night Before gives Sausage Party a $37m debut weekend. —Forbes

Pressure has been mounting on policymakers to introduce presumed liability into civil law to protect vulnerable road users. —The Herald

Laying vs. Lying (Lay vs. Lie)–What’s the Difference?

What’s the difference between lay and lie?

You lie down, but you lay something down. Lie does not require a direct object. Lay requires a direct object. The same rule applies to laying and lying (not lieing—beware of spelling). The past tense of lay is laid, but be careful with the past tense of lie—there are two options. We’ll dive into them later.

When to Use Lay

To lay is to set (or otherwise place) something in a resting position. Here are a few examples of lay in a sentence.

I don’t like to lay my purse on the floor.

The dogs always lay their toys next to their water bowls.

How to Use Lie

A lie is an untruth. However, it’s the verb form of lie that people find difficult to distinguish from lay. The verb lie means to tell a falsehood. Here’s an example of lie in a sentence:

Sometimes children lie to get out of trouble.

If to tell an untruth were the only meaning of lie, using these two words properly would be less of a challenge. However, lie can also mean to recline or to rest in a flat position. Notice this example:

The fat cat likes to lie in the sun.

How to Remember the Difference between Lay and Lie

(pLAce) and (recLIne)

This mnemonic should help you remember that lay, which begins with the letters L-A, has a long A sound like its definition: to place. On the other hand, lie, which starts with the letters L-I, has a long I sound like its definition: to recline.

How Should I Use Lay vs. Lie?

Knowing what the words mean doesn’t mean you necessarily know how to use lay and lie. Again, here are a few rules to help you. In the present tense, you often use a direct object with lay. However, lie can’t take a direct object. Look back at the examples again to see these rules in play.

There’s still one more thing you need to know. When you are talking about reclining, the past tense of lie is lay! Here’s an example.

Yesterday, he lay down to sleep at ten o’clock. Tonight, he won’t lie down until midnight.[/example]

Laying Vs. Lying

Beware of spelling! The present participle of lie is not lieing. The I becomes a Y: lying. Here is a mnemonic from the website Primility to help you tell laying and lying apart:

“If you tell an untruth it is a lie, not a lay; and if you are in the process of telling an untruth you are lying and not laying.”

The delivery boy took pleasure in gingerly laying each newspaper on the stoop.

I can always tell when my friend is lying because she bites her lip.

I spend rainy days lying on my couch.

Don’t leave dirty clothes lying around the house.

The past tense of lie (as in, to tell an untruth) is lied. As you can see, the past tense of lie is lay, but the past tense of lay is laid, which is a recipe for confusion! To remember that laid (as opposed to lain) is the past tense of lay, just memorize this phrase:

Use a D when there is a direct object. Because you need a direct object only with lay, you will know that the past tense is laid.

Examples

I would like to lie next to him in the dark and watch him breathe and watch him sleep and wonder what he’s dreaming about and not get an inferiority complex if the dreams aren’t about me.

Rachel Cohn, Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist

Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits.

George Orwell, Animal Farm

Did the examples help you figure out the difference between lay and lie? If you have mastered this commonly confused pair, try your hand at loose vs. lose and entitled vs. titled.

Mistake of the Month: Missing Commas

There are two types of writers in this world: those who use too many commas and those who use too few. While unnecessary commas can turn straightforward sentences into twisting labyrinths of syntactical confusion, missing a critical comma can change the entire meaning of your sentence.

Consider the headline from the now-infamous Rachael Ray cover of Tails magazine: “Rachael Ray finds inspiration in cooking her family and her dog.” While the line breaks of the original cover make it apparent what the editors meant to say, the lack of commas between the three items in the list—“cooking,” “family,” and “her dog”—caused Tails to accidentally portray Ray as a cannibal who gleefully cooks her family and dog. Wonder if she uses EVOO for that, too?

Here are some places in your writing where you should include commas:

1. After an introductory element. When complex sentences begin with a phrase or clause, a comma is required to separate the introductory element and the independent clause. The previous sentence demonstrates this rule, but let’s look at some more examples:

• Without a care in the world, Mildred raced down the hill on her brand-new velocipede.
• In an attempt to fix the TV, he smacked the side of the set.
• To her, Paris would always be the most magical city in the world.

Note that with shorter introductory elements—generally those consisting of four or fewer words—you can technically skip the comma. However, it’s never wrong to use a comma in this instance, and eschewing it can lead to confusion.

2. Around a nonrestrictive or nonessential element. Nonrestrictive elements provide added information, but without them the sentence would still make sense. For example, “My wife, Karen, bakes the best peach cobbler.” Presumably the speaker has only one wife, so telling us her name is a helpful but nonessential aside. This piece from the New York Times has more on the difference between essential and nonessential elements, but here are a couple of additional examples:

• My best friend, Jimmy Brown, always brings an extra pudding cup for me. (People can only have one best friend at a time, so his name is a nonessential element.)
• I played the game Settlers of Catan for six hours this weekend with my friend Parvati. (Here, neither Settlers of Catan nor Parvati should be set off with commas because there are more games and friends in the world other than the two mentioned in the sentence.)

That and which indicate essential and nonessential elements, respectively. When you use that, don’t use a comma, as in “The ants that have infested my kitchen show no signs of leaving.” In this example, we need to know which specific ants the speaker is talking about. However, in the sentence “Ants, which have infested my kitchen, are my least favorite insect,” the aside set off by commas is interesting, yet taking it out doesn’t change the core meaning of the sentence.

3. After the next-to-last item in a list. Among English enthusiasts, the Oxford (or serial) comma is one of the most frequently debated topics. (Ironically, British English doesn’t tend to use the Oxford comma as frequently as American English.) When you have three or more items in a list, you have the option to use a comma between the next-to-last and last items in that list. This can sometimes clarify potential confusion or downright awkward misunderstandings. Mental Floss has a collection of pro and con examples, so take a look and decide for yourself which one you want to use.

The important thing is to be consistent; while both styles are technically correct, switching between the two in the same piece of writing is a faux pas everyone can agree on.

Are you for or against the Oxford comma? Leave a comment below!

3 Cool Ways English Evolved in 2015

It’s hard to keep up with a language evolving as fast as English. Before you know it, a new turn of phrase has come and gone before you can say selfie. That’s so passé. Do try to keep up. Let’s have a look at some trends from 2015.

1 Portmanteaus, or word mashups

It’s been climbing the charts for a few years now, but in 2015, the portmanteau officially arrived. Portmanteaus are nothing new, but lately they’re “spiviralling” out of control. That’s a new one right there; we can’t break their stride. Originally meaning a suitcase with two equal compartments, portmanteau is now used to describe the merging of two words to create a new, unique meaning. Also known as a “word blend,” many are so baked into English we no longer notice the separate ingredients, as with brunch, motel, or workaholic. Often credited with switching on the blender in 1871 was Lewis Carroll. In his Through the Looking Glass, Humpty Dumpty explains the word slithy to a confused Alice:

Well, “slithy” means “lithe and slimy.” “Lithe” is the same as “active.” You see it’s like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word.

In recent years we’ve had a love affair with word mushing. Trendy business buzzwords like mompreneur (mom + entrepreneur) and guesstimate (guess + estimate) cropped up. Technology has presented us with new objects for which no words exist. And when we do try to describe them, we sometimes end up with creations like phablet, a mix of phone and tablet.

Similarly, as new conditions arise, a scramble to name them ensues and word blends are the choice of choice. A recent Wall Street Journal article ponders the phenomenon of people who text while walking—should they be named pedtextrians (pedestrians+texters) or wexters (walkers + texters)? Elsewhere, a suggestion to Oxford Dictionaries proposed they be described as moblivious (mobile + oblivious). Whatever it is, nothing less than a portmanteau will do. Hell, there are even guides on what makes a rough blend or a smooth blend.

In December, Oxford Dictionaries added twitterati (Twitter + literati) into its fold, and indeed it is the twitterati who cook up of many of these blends. Starting off with some portmanteau peeps—no celebrity couple is an item until they’ve had their names mushed together. We’ve all heard of Kimye ( Kim Kardashian and Kanye West) and Brangelina (Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie). But 2015 has seen the portmanteaus evolve from the Twittersphere slang to legitimate and political terms. From the US presidential race the words cuckservative and hispadering have emerged through Twitter. The former is an insult used within Republican debates and is a mix of cuckold (a husband whose wife cheats on him) and conservative. The latter was an accusation fired at Hillary Clinton after her attempt to appeal to the Hispanic vote, a mix of pandering and Hispanic.

The news coverage of countries possibly exiting the European Union was peppered with the terms Grexit (Greece + exit) and Brexit (Britain + exit). These terms were used widely without explanation or irony. Grexit was even shortlisted for the Oxford Dictionary word of the year.

2 Mx., a gender-neutral honorific

The new honorific Mx. (pronounced “mix”), has begun to take its place among the traditional Mr., Mrs., Miss, and Ms. It has emerged from obscurity to being used in an article in the New York Times in June and has been added to dictionary.com and Oxford English Dictionaries. The title has been adopted by transgender individuals, non-binary people, or those who don’t wish to reveal their gender. This sudden acceptance of a relatively unknown title reflects how 2015 has seen conventional gender identities reassessed.

According to Jonathan Dent, OED assistant editor, the honorific first appeared in the American magazine Single Parent in 1977. It was then mooted as an alternative to the standard titles. At that time, Ms. was entering the mainstream, allowing speakers to avoid the implications about marital status inherent in Mrs. or Miss.

Taking the lead among British institutions, The Royal Bank of Scotland provided customers with the option of Mx. when filling out forms. Others have followed suit. In the United States, the title is beginning to make itself known. Events such as the public transitioning of Bruce Jenner to Caitlyn Jenner and her appearance on the cover of Vanity Fair during the summer highlighted issues of gender and sparked subsequent discussions. About the same time, the New York Times tried out using the term Mx. In a later piece, Philip B. Corbett, an editor at the New York Times said that the paper is not entirely ready to roll out the red carpet for the title. “It remains too unfamiliar to most people, and it’s not clear when or if it will emerge as a widely adopted term,” he said.

However, this statement was published before Ms. achieved the milestone of entering the OED. Also, the Times, in turn, raised awareness of Mx. and prompted a further bout of media coverage explaining the title. It made its mark in 2015 and might be commonplace by the end of 2016. Watch this space.

3 Delicious words

In the year 2015, it was food o’clock. If you didn’t get your fair share of eats, you might be hangry about it now. Maybe you clock up a few food miles, or perhaps you’re more of a locavore? Or could it be that you’ve been living in a bubble and have no idea what any of this means? Well, food is trending—the way we eat, what we eat, where it comes from, and who it comes from. Again, the Internet has incubated many of these new phrases, as food bloggers and foodie users of Instagram and Pinterest all find each other and find terms for every kind of gastronomical state or niche.

Josh Friedland, a food blogger, says this “has spawned an ever-expanding vocabulary to capture our fast-moving edible landscape” and was compelled to compile a dictionary called Eatymology: The Dictionary of Modern Gastronomy. Dictionaries are trying to catch the trend, but it’s moving along swiftly and they are only grabbing the tail. Oxford Dictionaries named locavore—someone who eats only locally sourced food—as its word of the year in 2007 but has only included it in its dictionary in December 2015. However, Friedland’s blog lists farm drag as one of his favorite 2015 food terms. According to Friedland, the term is a reaction to locavorism, especially where it has been hijacked and made into a cliché by restaurants hoping to remain on-trend.

Another neologism linking food and environment is climatarian. Like locavores, climatarians aim to reverse climate change by avoiding meat and eating local. Food and emotion are found together in hangry, how we feel when we are hungry and angry. The obsession with photographing your dinner and uploading it to social media has created loads of foodspo, or food-porn.

Wine o’ clock or beer o’ clock, also added to Oxford Dictionaries in 2015, is when a person decides that it’s the correct time to have a glass of the drink in question.

Our appetite for food lore is not yet satisfied and looks to continue into 2016.

There Is vs. There Are: How to Choose?

• The choice between the phrases there is and there are at the beginning of a sentence is determined by the noun that follows it.
• Use there is when the noun is singular (“There is a cat”). Use there are when the noun is plural (“There are two cats”).

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There Is vs. There Are

You probably know that the choice between is vs. are depends on a noun. In most sentences, the noun comes before the verb. But in sentences that begin with there is and there are, the noun comes later.

There is a cat on the porch.

In the sentence above, cat is singular, so it requires there is.

There are many opportunities to learn at this company.

In the sentence above, opportunities is plural, so it requires there are. (Don’t let the word many throw you off—concentrate on the noun.)

There Is a Number of vs. There Are a Number of

There are a number of unnamed stars in our galaxy? There is a number of unnamed stars in our galaxy? It’s difficult to tease out whether you should use is or are in a construction like this. The verb is being pulled toward there, number, and stars all at once.

Here’s a tip: Sentences that begin with There is/are a number of… are almost always wordier than they need to be. Your best bet is to rewrite it: Many stars in our galaxy are unnamed.

But if you really can’t rewrite it, you’ll have to make a choice. Use is if you want to emphasize the group; use are if you want to emphasize the individual members.

It’s the same with other collecting phrases, like a variety of.

There is a wide variety of flavors to choose from.

There are a variety of unique destinations we can visit.

There Are a Lot of

Use there are when you’re talking about “a lot” of something.

There are a lot of people in this elevator.

There is a lot of people in this elevator.

There Is vs. There Are With a Series of Items

When you’re making a list of things, sometimes there are sounds wrong:

There are a kitchen, a living room, and a bedroom in my apartment.

There are sounds bad because the noun that follows it, kitchen, is singular. Even though you’re really talking about multiple things, (a kitchen, a living room, a bedroom), it’s often better to use the singular verb is in a construction like this.

There is a kitchen, a living room, and a bedroom in my apartment.

Some language commentators still insist on using are in sentences like this despite the awkwardness, but actual usage is extremely mixed. Remember, if the sentence sounds awkward either way, you can always rewrite it to avoid the “there is/are” problem altogether.

Grammarly Announces Add-in for Microsoft Office Suite

Today, the Grammarly team officially announced the availability of its Grammarly® Add-in for Microsoft® Office Suite. The add-in combines the power of Grammarly’s automated proofreading technology with Microsoft® Office Word™ and Microsoft® Office Outlook®.

In addition to checking for more than 250 common grammar errors and enhancing vocabulary usage, the Grammarly add-in offers unique features such as citation suggestions. Unlike the spell and grammar checking tools native to the Microsoft Office Suite, Grammarly provides real-time context for each suggested edit. Writers can easily select the type of errors they want to focus on, then edit their work throughout the entire writing process.

Check out a short video of the product in action.

To download the Grammarly add-in, visit http://www.grammarly.com/office-addin/. Immediately begin checking your text for potential writing errors by clicking the “Enable” button. Then, review errors as they appear in your text and decide whether, and how, to correct these issues based on the background provided by Grammarly.

See the full press release here, and let us know what you think!